How the COVID-19 pandemic affects the moral reasoning of pediatric residents and the general population.

BACKGROUND: Kohlberg's theory of moral development asserts that people progress through different stages of moral reasoning as their cognitive abilities and social interactions mature. Individuals at the lowest stage of moral reasoning (preconventional stage) judge moral issues based on self-interest, those with a medium stage (conventional stage) judge them based on compliance with rules and norms, and those at the highest stage (postconventional stage) judge moral issues based on universal principles and shared ideals. Upon attaining adulthood, it can be considered that there is stability in the stage of individuals' moral development; however, the effect of a global population crisis such as the one experienced in March 2020, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the moral reasoning of pediatric residents before and after one year of the COVID-19 pandemic and compare them with a general population group. METHODS: This is a naturalistic quasi-experimental study conducted with two groups, one comprised 47 pediatric residents of a tertiary hospital converted into a COVID hospital during the pandemic and another group comprised 47 beneficiaries of a family clinic who were not health workers. The defining issues test (DIT) was applied to the 94 participants during March 2020, before the pandemic initiated in Mexico, and later during March 2021. To assess intragroup changes, the McNemar-Bowker and Wilcoxon tests were used. RESULTS: Pediatric residents showed higher baseline stages of moral reasoning: 53% in the postconventional group compared to the general population group (7%). In the preconventional group, 23% were residents and 64% belonged to the general population. In the second measurement, one year after the start of the pandemic, the group of residents had a significant decrease of 13 points in the P index, unlike the general population group in which a decrease of 3 points was observed. This decrease however, did not equalize baseline stages. Pediatric residents remained 10 points higher than the general population group. Moral reasoning stages were associated with age and educational stage. CONCLUSIONS: After a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found a decrease in the stage of moral reasoning development in pediatric residents of a hospital converted for the care of patients with COVID-19, while it remained stable in the general population group. Physicians showed higher stages of moral reasoning at baseline than the general population.

Virtual Collaboration, Organizations and Networks (VCONs)

This minitrack for HICSS-56 highlights the continued importance and growth of geographically distributed collaboration and telework in organizations and networks. The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic has greatly accelerated this practice in most private, public, and non-profit organizations and reignited interest in this critically important area of research and practice. The minitrack explores several questions related to virtual collaboration, telework and networks, using a wide variety of research methods and approaches. © 2023 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.

Distributed Collaboration and Telework in Organizations and Networks (DCTONs)

This virtual minitrack for HICSS-55 highlights the continued importance and growth of geographically distributed collaboration and telework in organizations and networks. The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic has greatly accelerated this practice in most private, public, and non-profit organizations and reignited interest in studying this critically important area of research and practice. The minitrack explores several questions related to distributed collaboration and telework, using a wide variety of research methods and approaches. © 2022 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.

Clinical impact of the suspension of the ERAS protocol on patients undergoing radical cystectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic Impacto clínico de no aplicar el protocolo ERAS en los pacientes sometidos a cistectomía durante la pandemia COVID-19

Introduction During the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in our center, neither prehabilitation nor multimodal rehabilitation could be applied due to the excessive patient load on the health system and to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The objective of our study was to analyze the evolution, complications, and survival up to one year of patients who underwent radical cystectomy in our hospital from March 1st to May 31st, 2020 (period of the first wave COVID-19 pandemic in Spain). We also compared the results with cystectomized patients outside the pandemic period and with application of the ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocol. Material and methods Single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients scheduled for radical cystectomy from March 1st, 2020 to May 31st, 2020. They were matched with previously operated patients using a 1:2 propensity matching score. The matching variables were demographic data, preoperative and intraoperative clinical conditions. Results A total of 23 radical cystectomies with urinary diversion were performed in the period described. In none of the cases the prehabilitation or the follow-up of our ERAS protocol could be applied, and this was the only difference we found between the 2 groups. Although the minimally invasive approach was more frequent in the pandemic group, the difference was not statistically significant. Three patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 during their admission, presenting severe respiratory complications and high in-hospital mortality. Apart from respiratory complications secondary to SARS-CoV-2, we also found statistically significant differences in other postoperative complications. The hospital stay increased by 3 days in the pandemic group. Conclusions Patients who underwent radical cystectomy at our center during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic had a higher number and severity of respiratory and non-respiratory complications. Discontinuation of the ERAS protocol was the main difference in treatment between groups.

Clinical impact of the suspension of the ERAS protocol on patients undergoing radical cystectomy during the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: During the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in our center, neither prehabilitation nor multimodal rehabilitation could be applied due to the excessive patient load on the health system and to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The objective of our study was to analyze the evolution, complications, and survival up to one year of patients who underwent radical cystectomy in our hospital from March 1st to May 31st, 2020 (period of the first wave COVID-19 pandemic in Spain). We also compared the results with cystectomized patients outside the pandemic period and with application of the ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients scheduled for radical cystectomy from March 1st, 2020 to May 31st, 2020. They were matched with previously operated patients using a 1:2 propensity matching score. The matching variables were demographic data, preoperative and intraoperative clinical conditions. RESULTS: A total of 23 radical cystectomies with urinary diversion were performed in the period described. In none of the cases the prehabilitation or the follow-up of our ERAS protocol could be applied, and this was the only difference we found between the 2 groups. Although the minimally invasive approach was more frequent in the pandemic group, the difference was not statistically significant. Three patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 during their admission, presenting severe respiratory complications and high in-hospital mortality. Apart from respiratory complications secondary to SARS-CoV-2, we also found statistically significant differences in other postoperative complications. The hospital stay increased by 3 days in the pandemic group. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who underwent radical cystectomy at our center during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic had a higher number and severity of respiratory and non-respiratory complications. Discontinuation of the ERAS protocol was the main difference in treatment between groups.

[CLINICAL IMPACT OF THE SUSPENSION OF THE ERAS PROTOCOL ON PATIENTS UNDERGOING RADICAL CYSTECTOMY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.] / IMPACTO CLÍNICO DE NO APLICAR EL PROTOCOLO ERAS EN LOS PACIENTES SOMETIDOS A CISTECTOMÍA DURANTE LA PANDEMIA COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: During the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in our center, neither prehabilitation nor multimodal rehabilitation could be applied due to the excessive patient load on the health system and to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The objective of our study was to analyze the evolution, complications, and survival up to one year of patients who underwent radical cystectomy in our hospital from March 1st to May 31st, 2020 (period of the first wave COVID-19 pandemic in Spain). We also compared the results with cystectomized patients outside the pandemic period and with application of the ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) protocol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Single-center, retrospective cohort study of patients scheduled for radical cystectomy from March 1st,2020 to May 31st, 2020. They were matched with previously operated patients using a 1:2 propensity matching score. The matching variables were demographic data, preoperative and intraoperative clinical conditions. RESULTS: A total of 23 radical cystectomies with urinary diversion were performed in the period described. In none of the cases the prehabilitation or the follow-up of our ERAS protocol could be applied, and this was the only difference we found between the 2 groups. Although the minimally invasive approach was more frequent in the pandemic group, the difference was not statistically significant. Three patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 during their admission, presenting severe respiratory complications and high in-hospital mortality. Apart from respiratory complications secondary to SARS-CoV-2, we also found statistically significant differences in other postoperative complications. The hospital stay increased by 3 days in the pandemic group. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who underwent radical cystectomy at our center during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic had a higher number and severity of respiratory and non-respiratory complications. Discontinuation of the ERAS protocol was the main difference in treatment between groups.

IMPACTO CLÍNICO DE NO APLICAR EL PROTOCOLO ERAS EN LOS PACIENTES SOMETIDOS A CISTECTOMÍA DURANTE LA PANDEMIA COVID-19 CLINICAL IMPACT OF THE SUSPENSION OF THE ERAS PROTOCOL ON PATIENTS UNDERGOING RADICAL CYSTECTOMY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Introducción: Al inicio de la pandemia COVID-19 no se pudo implementar ni prehabilitación ni rehabilitación multimodal por sobrecarga del sistema sanitario. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar evolución, complicaciones y supervivencia hasta el año de pacientes sometidos a cistectomía radical en nuestro centro desde 1 de Marzo hasta 31 de Mayo de 2020 (primera ola). Comparamos resultados con pacientes también cistectomizados fuera de pandemia donde sí estaba instaurado el protocolo ERAS. Material y Métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo, unicéntrico, de pacientes programados para cistectomía radical desde 1 de marzo de 2020 hasta 31 de mayo de 2020;se emparejaron con pacientes intervenidos anteriormente a través de score de emparejamiento por propensión 1:2. Las variables de emparejamiento fueron datos demográficos, condiciones clínicas preoperatorias e intraoperatorias. Resultados: Se realizaron 23 cistectomía en este periodo;en ningún caso se aplicó ni prehabilitación ni seguimiento del protocolo ERAS, y ésta fue la única diferencia en el tratamiento entre grupos. Tres pacientes se diagnosticaron de COVID-19 durante su ingreso presentando complicaciones respiratorias graves y alta mortalidad intrahospitalaria. La tasa de transfusión sanguínea fue mayor en el grupo pandemia. La estancia hospitalaria aumentó en 3 días en grupo pandemia. Conclusiones: Los pacientes sometidos a cistectomía en nuestro centro durante la primera ola de pandemia COVID-19 presentaron complicaciones respiratorias y no respiratorias en mayor número y más graves que los cistectomizados fuera de este periodo. La no aplicación del protocolo ERAS fue la principal diferencia en el tratamiento entre grupos.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in patients who underwent radical cystectomy during the first wave, one-year follow-up

Objectives: During the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, surgical activity decreased due to an overload of the health system and to reduce SARS-COV-2 transmission. The objective of our study was to evaluate characteristics, analyze complications and survival up to one year of patients who underwent radical cystectomy in our hospital from March 1 to May 31, 2020 (period of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain). We also compared the results with cystectomized patients enrolled in an ERAS program but outside the pandemic period. Method(s): Retrospective, single-center cohort study of patients scheduled for radical cystectomy from March 1, 2020 to May 31, 2020;they were matched with previously operated patients through propensity matching score 1:2. The matching variables were demographic data, preoperative and intraoperative clinical conditions. Result(s): A total of 23 radical cystectomies with urinary diversion were performed in the period described. The minimally invasive approach was more frequent in the pandemic group. Three patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 during their admission. We did not find statistically significant differences in postoperative complications or in mortality up to one year of follow-up. Conclusion(s): The first wave effect of the COVID-19 pandemic did not increase complications or mortality in patients who underwent radical cystectomy in our hospital, although a clear tendency was observed to have more and more severe complications. Performing the SARS-CoV-2 PCR test preoperatively was critical to control in-hospital transmission. The correct selection of surgical patients during the first wave was essential to optimize their evolution. References: 1. Guan W.J.Ni Z.Y,Hu Y.et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382: 1708-1720. 2. Ministerio de la Presidencia, Relaciones con las Cortes y Memoria Democratica. Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestion de la situacion de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. BOE no 67 de 14 de marzo de 2020. 2020;67(I):25390-400. 3. Stensland KD, Morgan TM, Moinzadeh A, et al. Considerations in the triage of urologic surgeries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Urol. 2020;77:663-6. Disclosure of Interest: None declared Copyright © 2022

Bibliometric Software: The Most Commonly Used in Research

Scientific research allows for increasing the knowledge of reality and the phenomena that manifest and evolve in it. Today, research is considered a professional competence, which is mainly developed in university institutions. Day by day, the so-called information society is flooded with research works of all types and qualities. At the same time, there is an increase in the number of annual publications that analyze data and measure intellectual works and their contribution to the scientific heritage of each discipline. A series of indicators are generated based on various parameters such as authors, type of document, language, and keywords, among others. The visualization of these numerous indicators, which vary over time, can be achieved effectively through the use of bibliometric software, which is also renewed in its functionality and features. The following is a study, assisted by systematic and bibliometric review techniques, with the aim of identifying the most widely used bibliometric software and those emerging that serve as a guide and good practice in new bibliometric research to obtain notable and relevant knowledge. The applications "VOSviewer", "CiteSpace" and "Bibliometrix" stand out and tools such as "Scopus API R code", "Covidence", "HistCite", "BICOMB", "EndNote X9.6 Statistical", "Ucinet 6.0", "Tools for Innovation Monitoring", "Profiles Research Networking Software", among others, emerge. © 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).

Practical manual COVID-19 For the prevention, detection, control and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Strategy for hospitalized patients and health workers in a pediatric hospital

The aim of this COVID-19 Practical Manual for the prevention, detection, control and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is to standardize and regulate the best strategy for the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 infections. All of this to provide better care quality to patients and their families/caregivers, and to promote a safe working environment for health personnel within the institution. The manual has been prepared with the aim of guiding health personnel in decision-making for the prevention, detection, control and surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infections. This document describes various multidisciplinary care algorithms in different scenarios, considering the recommendations for isolation, use of personal protective equipment, transfer within various services in the hospital, admission to procedures and recommendations for healthcare personnel. Copyright © 2022 Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez. Publicado por Permanyer.

Principle of Proportionality of Penalties for the Offence of Embezzlement. Ecuador Studios Caso

The Comprehensive Criminal Organic Code of Ecuador came into force in its entirety on August 10, 2014, and a part on February 10, 2014. In its regulations, criminal offenses are considered typical unlawful and guilty conduct, which is sanctioned in this Code, following in this sense the finalist theory. This research work is very important due to the situation that Ecuador is going through, both in these moments of the SARS-COV2 or COVID 19 pandemic, as well as due to the cases of corruption where a former vice president, ministers and collaborators have been sentenced of the previous government. In this investigation, the following research methods have been used: Inductive-Deductive, Analytical-Synthetic and HistoricalLogical. As research techniques, Observation and Bibliographic Review. The study was carried out based on the sanction of the crime of embezzlement and, above all, on the proportionality of the sentence, considering that the sentence must always be imposed according to the crime committed and the damage caused to the protected legal interest, in this case is public administration.

PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY OF PENALTIES FOR THE OFFENCE OF EMBEZZLEMENT. ECUADOR STUDIOS CASO

The Comprehensive Criminal Organic Code of Ecuador came into force in its entirety on August 10, 2014, and a part on February 10, 2014. In its regulations, criminal offenses are considered typical unlawful and guilty conduct, which is sanc-tioned in this Code, following in this sense the finalist theory. This research work is very important due to the situation that Ecuador is going through, both in these moments of the SARS-COV2 or COVID 19 pandemic, as well as due to the cases of corruption where a former vice president, ministers and collaborators have been sentenced of the previous government. In this investigation, the following research methods have been used: Inductive-Deductive, Analytical-Synthetic and Historical-Logical. As research techniques, Observation and Bibliographic Review. The study was carried out based on the sanction of the crime of embezzlement and, above all, on the proportionality of the sentence, considering that the sentence must always be imposed according to the crime committed and the damage caused to the protected legal interest, in this case is public administration. © 2022, University of Cienfuegos, Carlos Rafael Rodriguez. All rights reserved.

Clinical and Social Determinants of Change in Code Status among Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19

Background: Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who develop cardiopulmonary arrest often have poor prognosis, prompting discussions with families about goals of care. The relationship between clinical and social determinants of code status change is poorly understood. Methods: This retrospective study included adult COVID-19 positive patients admitted to the intensive care unit with cardiac arrest in a multihospital center over the first 9 months of the pandemic (3/1/2020-12/1/2020). Data on medical and social factors was collected and adjudicated. Results: We identified 208 patients over the study timeline. The mean age was 63.7 ± 14.5 years and 54.3% (n=113) were male. The majority of patients with cardiopulmonary arrest had pulseless electrical activity (PEA) as their initial rhythm (91.3%, n=190). Code status was changed in 56.3% (n=117) of patients. The majority of COVID-19 patients with cardiac arrest were Hispanic (53.4%, n=111), followed by African American (27.9%, n=58), and White patients (13.5%, n=28). Race/ethnicity did not affect the rate of code status change. COVID-19 patients who had a code status change were statistically more likely to have a lower salary ($54,838 vs $62,374), have a history of stroke/transient ischemic attack (15.4 vs 4.4%, 18:4), or heart failure (28.2 vs 15.6%, 33:14), all with P<0.05. Patients with code status change had shorter courses of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (11.9 vs 16.9 minutes, P<0.05). Both groups had similar levels of aggressive care received including continuous renal replacement therapy, vasopressor and broad-spectrum antibiotics requirements. Insurance status, ethnicity, religion, and education did not lead to statistically significant changes in code status in COVID patients. Conclusion: Patients hospitalized with cardiopulmonary arrest and positive for COVID-19 are more likely to have a change in code status. This code status change is affected by cardiovascular comorbidities such as stroke and heart failure, along with lower income but not by insurance status, ethnicity, religion, and educational level.

Facilitating Mathematical Competencies Development for Undergraduate Students During the Pandemic Through ad-hoc Technological Learning Environments

In this article we show how to facilitate the development of mathematical skills using 3D surface visualization tools and virtual environments in an online, project-based learning context. The "Lumen" software is presented, which is an ad-hoc solution, designed and developed to visualize and combine mathematical surfaces in 3D, based on their associated equations. Several activities were designed with the use of Lumen, to measure the learning gain and problem-solving skills of the students, obtaining that a mean learning gain of 43% was observed on 242 students on the analysis of the pre- and post-tests for the first monitored activity, while a mean learning gain of 30% was observed on 210 students on the analysis of the second monitored activity. Based on these analyses, we make the point that although remote learning in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic poses difficult challenges for learners and professors, the use of ad-hoc technological applications is an important resource that supports the reinterpretation of the learning process, as it shifts the focus to the development of skills through active learning.

Low-dose self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine drives strong protective immunity in non-human primates against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to spread globally, highlighting the urgent need for safe and effective vaccines that could be rapidly mobilized to immunize large populations. We report the preclinical development of a self-amplifying mRNA (SAM) vaccine encoding a prefusion stabilized severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein and demonstrate strong cellular and humoral immune responses at low doses in mice and rhesus macaques. The homologous prime-boost vaccination regimen of SAM at 3, 10 and 30 µg induced potent neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers in rhesus macaques following two SAM vaccinations at all dose levels, with the 10 µg dose generating geometric mean titers (GMT) 48-fold greater than the GMT of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent human sera. Spike-specific T cell responses were observed with all tested vaccine regimens. SAM vaccination provided protective efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 challenge as both a homologous prime-boost and as a single boost following ChAd prime, demonstrating reduction of viral replication in both the upper and lower airways. The SAM vaccine is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as both a homologous prime-boost regimen at low doses and as a boost following heterologous prime.

Perspectives for Recovery of VAT Collection Derived from Imports of Goods

In this chapter, the elasticity of the collection of value-added tax resulting from foreign trade operations was estimated based on imports’ transactions by type of good to determine the group’s sensitivity to imports’ behavior. Results show that final consumer goods show the most significant effect of all, followed by intermediate and capital goods. Furthermore, there is an average decrease in the corresponding elasticities of 14.13%, attributable to COVID-19, during 2020. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

COVID-19 and DOWN SYNDROME: UNEXPECTED CONNECTIONS and THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS

Triplication of chromosome 21, or trisomy 21, causes the condition known as Down syndrome, the most common human chromosomal abnormality and a leading cause of intellectual and developmental disability. Remarkably, individuals with Down syndrome display a different disease spectrum relative to the general population, being protected from some conditions, such as most solid malignancies, while being predisposed to others, such as Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune disorders, congenital heart disease, and autism. More recently, trisomy 21 was found to confer high risk of severe COVID-19, whereby adults with Down syndrome show >10-fold risk of developing severe symptoms and die upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this presentation, Dr. Espinosa will present a large body of work demonstrating that Down syndrome could be understood in good measure as an immune disorder caused by hyperactivity in the interferon signaling pathway, a key aspect of the innate immune system. Dr. Espinosa will discuss results obtained through a large cohort study of individuals with Down syndrome, the Crnic Institute's Human Trisome Project (www.trisome.org), as well as advanced animal models of Down syndrome. These discoveries led to a first-in-kind clinical trial for immune modulation in Down syndrome using JAK inhibitors. Lastly, Dr. Espinosa will discuss how interferon hyperactivity can contribute to COVID-19 pathology and the therapeutic use of JAK inhibitors in COVID-19. He will share results obtained via the COVIDome Project (www.covicome.org) as well as clinical trials for JAK inhibition in COVID-19.

Psychiatric clinical profiles and pharmacological interactions in COVID-19 inpatients referred to a consultation liaison psychiatry unit

IntroductionThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can affect mental health in different ways. There is little research about psychiatric complications in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to describe the psychiatric clinical profile and pharmacological interactions in COVID-19 inpatients referred to a Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry (CLP) unit.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional retrospective study, carried out at a tertiary hospital in Spain, in inpatients admitted because of COVID-19 and referred to our CLP Unit from March 17,2020 to April 28,2020. Clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records. The patients were divided in three groups depending on psychiatric diagnosis: delirium, severe mental illness (SMI) and non-severe mental illness (NSMI).ResultsOf 71 patients included (median [ICR] age 64 [54-73] years;70.4% male), 35.2% had a delirium, 18.3% had a SMI, and 46.5% had a NSMI. Compared to patients with delirium and NSMI, patients with SMI were younger, more likely to be institutionalized and were administered less anti-COVID19 drugs. Mortality was higher among patients with delirium (21.7%) than those with SMI (0%) or NSMI (9.45%). The rate of side effects due to interactions between anti-COVID19 and psychiatric drugs was low, mainly drowsiness (4.3%) and borderline QTc prolongation (1.5%).ConclusionsPatients affected by SMI were more often undertreated for COVID-19. However, the rate of interactions was very low, and avoidable with a proper evaluation and drug-dose adjustment. Half of the patients with SMI were institutionalized, suggesting that living conditions in residential facilities could make them more vulnerable to infection.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Initial findings in chest X-rays as predictors of worsening lung infection in patients with COVID-19: correlation in 265 patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: We aimed to analyze the relationship between the initial chest X-ray findings in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome due to infection with SARS-CoV-2 and eventual clinical worsening and to compare three systems of quantifying these findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective study reviewed the clinical and radiological evolution of 265 adult patients with COVID-19 attended at our center between March 2020 and April 2020. We recorded data related to patients' comorbidities, hospital stay, and clinical worsening (admission to the ICU, intubation, and death). We used three scoring systems taking into consideration 6 or 8 lung fields (designated 6A, 6B, and 8) to quantify lung involvement in each patient's initial pathological chest X-ray and to classify its severity as mild, moderate, or severe, and we compared these three systems. We also recorded the presence of alveolar opacities and linear opacities (fundamentally linear atelectasis) in the first chest X-ray with pathologic findings. RESULTS: In the χ2 analysis, moderate or severe involvement in the three classification systems correlated with hospital admission (P = .009 in 6A, P = .001 in 6B, and P = .001 in 8) and with death (P = .02 in 6A, P = .01 in 6B, and P = .006 in 8). In the regression analysis, the most significant associations were 6B with alveolar involvement (OR 2.3; 95%CI 1.1.-4.7; P = .025;) and 8 with alveolar involvement (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.01.-4.25; P = .046). No differences were observed in the ability of the three systems to predict clinical worsening by classifications of involvement in chest X-rays as moderate or severe. CONCLUSION: Moderate/severe extension in the three chest X-ray scoring systems evaluating the extent of involvement over 6 or 8 lung fields and the finding of alveolar opacities in the first pathologic X-ray correlated with mortality and the rate of hospitalization in the patients studied. No significant difference was found in the predictive ability of the three classification systems proposed.

Distributed collaboration in organizations and networks (DCons)

This virtual HICSS-54 minitrack highlights the continued importance and growth of geographically distributed collaboration in organizations and networks. The ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted and greatly accelerated this practice in most private, public, and non-profit organizations. The minitrack explores many of these questions, using a wide variety of research methods and approaches. © 2021 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.